Culinaria a Durrington Walls

The culinary habits 

of the 

Stonehenge builders 

ArchaeoHeritage, Archaeology, Breakingnews, Europe, UK, Western Europe 


A team of archaeologists at the University of York have revealed new insights into cuisine choices and eating habits at Durrington Walls -- a Late Neolithic monument and settlement site thought to be the residence for the builders of nearby Stonehenge during the 25th century BC. 

Stonehenge

 [Credit: WikiCommons] 

Together with researchers at the University of Sheffield, detailed analysis of pottery and animal bones has uncovered evidence of organised feasts featuring barbeque-style roasting, and an unexpected pattern in how foods were distributed and shared across the site.

 Chemically analysing food residues remaining on several hundred fragments of pottery, the York team found differences in the way pots were used. Pots deposited in residential areas were found to be used for cooking animal products including pork, beef and dairy, whereas pottery from the ceremonial spaces was used predominantly for dairy. Such spatial patterning could mean that milk, yoghurts and cheeses were perceived as fairly exclusive foods only consumed by a select few, or that milk products -- today often regarded as a symbol of purity -- were used in public ceremonies. 

Unusually, there was very little evidence of plant food preparation at any part of the site. The main evidence points to mass animal consumption, particularly of pigs. Further analysis of animal bones, conducted at the University of Sheffield, found that many pigs were killed before reaching their maximum weight. 
This is strong evidence of planned autumn and winter slaughtering and feasting-like consumption. The main methods of cooking meat are thought to be boiling and roasting in pots probably around indoor hearths, and larger barbeque-style roasting outdoors -- the latter evidenced by distinctive burn patterns on animal bones. 

A reconstruction drawing of how the prehistoric village of Durrington Walls  might have looked in 2500BC 

[Credit: English Heritage] 

Bones from all parts of the animal skeleton were found, indicating that livestock was walked to the site rather than introduced as joints of meat.
 Isotopic analysis indicates that cattle originated from many different locations, some far away from the site. This is significant as it would require orchestration of a large number of volunteers likely drawn from far and wide. 
The observed patterns of feasting do not fit with a slave-based society where labour was forced and coerced, as some have suggested. 
Dr Oliver Craig, Reader in Archaeological Science at the University of York and lead author on the paper, said: "Evidence of food-sharing and activity-zoning at Durrington Walls shows a greater degree of culinary organisation than was expected for this period of British prehistory. The inhabitants and many visitors to this site possessed a shared understanding of how foods should be prepared, consumed and disposed. This, together with evidence of feasting, suggests Durrington Walls was a well-organised working community." 
Professor Mike Parker Pearson, Professor at University College London and Director of the Feeding Stonehenge project who also led the excavations at Durrington Walls, said: "This new research has given us a fantastic insight into the organisation of large-scale feasting among the people who built Stonehenge. Animals were brought from all over Britain to be barbecued and cooked in open-air mass gatherings and also to be eaten in more privately organized meals within the many houses at Durrington Walls. The special placing of milk pots at the larger ceremonial buildings reveals that certain products had a ritual significance beyond that of nutrition alone. The sharing of food had religious as well as social connotations for promoting unity among Britain's scattered farming communities in prehistory. " 
Dr Lisa-Marie Shillito, who analysed the pottery samples and recently joined Newcastle University, added: "The combination of pottery analysis with the study of animal bones is really effective, and shows how these different types of evidence can be brought together to provide a detailed picture of food and cuisine in the past." 

The study has been published in the Antiquity Journal. 


Source: University of York [October 12, 2015]

CRANNOG

C'è tutto: il "wattle and daub", i pali costituenti una costruzione circolare (in realtà una specie di palafitta fortificata), una datazione al radiocarbonio di 5.000 anni fa ed un'ipotesi ricostruttiva degli edifici suddetti (abbastanza rari)  e della società del Neolitico che li costruì con strumenti di pietra, ovviamente. 
Chissà poi perché non parlano di Sciardana....

5,000-year-old fort found in Monmouth 

ArchaeoHeritage, Archaeology, Breakingnews, Europe, UK, Western Europe 

Archaeologists in Monmouth have discovered the remains of an ancient wooden building that dates back 5,000 years. 

An artist impression of what the fort looked like nearly 5,000 years ago  

[Credit: Monmouth Archaeological Society] 

Steve Clarke, who two years ago uncovered the remains of a huge post-glacial lake at the Parc Glyndwr building site, said the timber remains found under the new Rockfield estate were once part of a crannog, an ancient fortified dwelling built into a lake. 

Part of the wooden building set into the bed of what was once Monmouth’s prehistoric lake, pre-dates the only other known crannog in England and Wales by 2,000 years. 

The New Stone Age timber (Neolithic), which was skilfully worked with a stone axe, was unearthed during the digging of house foundations at Jordan Way off Watery Lane by Martin Tuck of the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust in 2003 while overseeing the construction of the estate. 
It was preserved beneath the clay and peat of a lagoon which formed when the lake drained some 2,000 years ago and was recently given to Monmouth Archaeological Society whose professional wing- Monmouth Archaeology- is to be the archaeological unit covering the construction of 450 new homes on Wonastow Road. 

A slab of timber was discovered when the estate was constructed in 2003  [Credit: Monmouth Archaeological Society] 

The timber was sent to the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre in Glasgow for a radiocarbon study to be carried out which produced a date of 2,917 years BC.

The study took several months and was funded by the Monmouth Society. Mr Clarke, 72, who is the chairman and founding member of Monmouth Archaeological Society, said it is a very important and exciting discovery. 
“This is only the second one in England and Wales, the other being at Llangorse Lake, near Brecon.” 
“The timber, bearing cut marks left by stone or flint axes, formed the end of an oak post which had been carefully levelled to create a flat surface which would probably have rested on a post pad set in the bottom of the lake.” 

A reconstructed crannog at Llangorse Lake, Wales 

 [Credit: Monmouth Archaeological Society] 

“Archaeologists are excited, not only by the state and date of the timber, but also because the remains were so far out from the shore of the lake that the post has to be part of a building set on poles- called a crannog.” 

Crannogs are defended wooden structures found in Ireland and Scotland and date from the Stone Age onwards. 
They are thought to have been a mark of power and status- the one at Llangorse being claimed as a royal residence of the Dark Age King of Brycheiniog. 
“Martin realised the importance of the timber and kept it in water before handing it to us for our archives,” said Mr Clarke. 

Author: Kath Skellon | Source: Free Press

 [July 22, 2015]

ARCIERE SCOZZESE

Ecco un articolo interessante: all'estero (Scozia, in questo 

caso, una località mal pronunciabile presso Inverness) è stato

trovato uno scheletro incompleto, presumibilmente di 

maschio quasi adulto, accompagnato da alcuni frammenti 

ceramici (2/3 di un beaker alto 20-30 centimetri, il cui 

interno conteneva 'qualche cosa di organico' che sarà 

analizzato accuratamente ed il cui esterno appare essere 

stato decorato forse con una penna d'uccello). Oltre a ciò

(datato a partired ai resti ossei a 4.000-5.000 anni  fa, cioé 

alla prima età del Bronzo) è stato rinvenuto un 'parapolsi' 

('wrist-guard' in Inglese e 'brassard' in francese). Lo si è 

dedotto dalla forma dell'oggetto e dal fatto che presenta fori 

che sembrano proprio quelli atti a fare passare legacci di 

cuoio per fissare il parapolsi all'avambraccio dell'arciere. I 

reperti sono stati fotografati, registrati e quindi spediti ai 

laboratori che ne eseguiranno accurate ed approfondite 

analisi.

Che cosa c'è di strano? Nulla, credo...

Forse il fatto che nessuno - in Scozia - si è presentato per 

leggere il nome di Yahweh nei buchi del brassard...


Ma - si sa - gli Scozzesi non hanno alcuna fantasia: forse gli 

avrebbero riso dietro... 


E credo proprio che avrebbero avuto ragione...



Remains of Bronze Age bowman found in 

Scotland 


Archaeologists have discovered new artefacts suggesting a Highland village resident of 4,500 years ago fought with bow and arrow. 

Holes in the wrist guard could be for leather bindings  

[Credit: AOC Archaeology] 

A Bronze Age burial cist in Drumnadrochit, near Inverness, was found last month, and researchers have now found shards of pottery and a wrist guard, for use when shooting using bow and arrow, at the same site. 
Now work is being done to glean as much information about the finds, and it’s hoped they’ll be able to determine the gender of the skeletal remains. 

The initial discovery was made when workers were preparing the site of NHS Highland’s £1.5 million replacement Drumnadrochit Health Centre. 
Mary Peteranna, of AOC Archaeology Group, has been working on what she described as "significant" finds for NHS Highland. 

She said: "The shards are of around two-thirds of a beaker pot which will probably have been around 20-30cm high. What makes them particularly interesting is that there is some organic material adhering to the base of the pot, so we may find out something about its contents. 

Archaeologists believe the pottery may have been decorated  with a feather quill 

[Credit: AOC Archaeology] 

"The shards have a distinctive decoration which may have been made on the clay before firing in a stabbing movement with something like a feather quill.

 "The wrist guard is also particularly exciting. 
It has holes so that it could be tied to the wrist with a leather strap, and may have been ornamental or functional." 
Heather Cameron, senior project manager with the health board, said: "It is perhaps fitting that the site of what will be Drumnadrochit’s newest public building should have had the remains of what may well have been the community’s first resident. The skeletal remains are 4,000-4,500 years old, dating back to the early Bronze Age.
 "We are particularly excited to have uncovered the pottery and wrist guard in what appeared to be a second grave next to the first, and I think we will be looking to mount a display on the finds somewhere in the new building when it opens at the end of the year." 

The skeletal remains, which may be of an adult or near adult, comprise of most of a person’s long bones along with part of the skull and a number of teeth.
 It is hoped to be able to determine scientifically the sex of the person, and perhaps even the cause of death. 
The artefacts have been photographed, recorded and removed and will now be undergoing specialist, detailed analysis. 
A decision will then be taken about what to do with them.

 Author: Nick Humphreys | Source: Highland News [February 05, 2015]

Autentico Shakespeare

 - In una città portuale del nord della Francia, presso Calais, è stata casualmente rinvenuta una copia del 'First Folio', la prima lista delle opere del Bardo pubblicata nel 1623, uno dei libri più desiderati esistenti al mondo, pubblicato circa 7 anni dopo la morte di Shakespeare.
Il valore commerciale di un libro intatto del genere (ne esistono altre copie) è compreso tra i 2,5 ed i 5 milioni di euro. 
- La copia francese è mancante delle pagine iniziali e del titolo e dell'intero testo dei "Due gentiluomini di Verona", pertanto la Biblioteca si dovrà accontentare di una valutazione bassa, intorno ai soli 2 milioni: ma come si dice di solito, chi si contenta...


Rare first Shakespeare edition found in 

French library 



A copy of William Shakespeare's First Folio, the first-ever compilation of the Bard's plays published in 1623, has been discovered in the library of an ancient port town in northern 
France.

Remy Cordonnier, librarian in the northern French town of Saint-Omer, carefully shows  on November 25, 2014 a valuable copy of William Shakespeare's First Folio, a collection  of some of his plays dating from 1623 

[Credit: AFP/Denis Charlet] 

One of the world's most valuable and coveted books, the First Folio was uncovered when librarian Remy Cordonnier dusted off a copy of Shakespeare's works dating to the 18th century for an exhibition on English literature in the town of Saint-Omer near Calais. 

"It occurred to me that it could be an unidentified First Folio, with historic importance and great intellectual value," he told AFP. 
The book, published seven years after Shakespeare's death, was authenticated on Saturday by First Folio expert Eric Rasmussen from the University of Nevada. 
Rasmussen, who has written a book about his riveting two-decade hunt to catalogue all 232 existing copies of the book, said the 233rd copy was the first new version unearthed in a decade. 
He told AFP the book was "immediately identifiable" as an original due to its watermarks, the paper used and the fact that errors were still present that would have been corrected in later copies. 
He said the book was missing title pages as well as the whole text of the play The Two Gentlemen of Verona. 
"What is really interesting is that it clearly came from the college of Jesuits in Saint-Omer, founded in the late 16th century during Queen Elizabeth's reign when it was illegal for Catholics to go to college," said Rasmussen.

Close- up of The Hamlet.

Remy Cordonnier, librarian in the northern French town of Saint-Omer, carefully shows  a valuable copy of William Shakespeare's First Folio, a collection of some of his  plays dating from 1623, on November 25, 2014 [Credit: AFP/Denis Charlet] 

The book was heavily annotated, with words corrected to more modern versions and with the part of a hostess in Henry IV turned into a male part, with words such as "wench" crossed out and replaced with "fellow". 
He highlighted the "really good survival rate" of an estimated 750 original prints of First Folio. 
The massive book of 36 plays was published at a time when printed plays were not considered literature, and sold for one pound at a time when a skilled worker could perhaps hope to earn four pounds a year, said Rasmussen. 
Rasmussen told AFP his favourite story, which he stumbled upon in his hunt for First Folios, was of the time the Royal Shakespeare Company took their copy to Rome for a papal performance. 
"After they performed they brought it out and the pope was supposed to bless it. He hadn't been adequately briefed so he accepted it as a gift. You can almost see the tug of war going on on stage." 
In Japan, where many copies were snapped up in the 70s and 80s, he once found a copy with a musket bullet piercing it all the way to the tragedy Titus Andronicus. "Somebody had to be holding it up," said Rasmussen, speculating that it may even have saved somebody's life.
 "We find copies that have wine stains on them, that have been left open and have cat prints across them. It humanises them in a way... they are not just priceless artefacts." 

A copy of William Shakespeare's First Folio, a collection of some of his plays  published in 1623 is displayed in the library in the northern French town  of Saint-Omer, November 25, 2014 [Credit: AFP/Denis Charlet] 

Rasmussen said the largest number of First Folios, 82 in total, were snapped up by American Henry Clay Folger and are now housed in the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington. 
He explains that the First Folio was the only source for about half of Shakespeare's plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar, that had never been published in his lifetime. 
He said people began to "fetishise" the work and in the 19th century it became the must-have collector's item for the super-wealthy. 
In 2006 Microsoft billionaire Paul Allen bought one for $6 million dollars. Saint-Omer library director Francoise Ducroquet said that while most First Folio copies were valued at between 2.5 and five million euros, the damaged version found in her library would probably be worth less. 
However she said the newest discovery would be stored in the library's safe with other precious items. Saint-Omer is an ancient port town that bustled with economic and cultural activity in the Middle Ages.
 Its library has 800 important manuscripts, 230 incunabula -- books printed in Europe before 1501 -- as well as a Gutenberg Bible. 


Authors: Benjamin Massot with Fran Blandy | Source: AFP [November 25, 2014]

Un Ferma-Porte

E' stata usata per anni come originale ferma porte in un ufficio ed ha rischiato persino di finire in una discarica, perché il proprietario non sapeva che cosa fosse quella cosa che era saltata fuori con l'aratro da un campo di East Rudham. 

E' fatta di bronzo (ricetta classica: nove parti rame, una stagno), ha una ragguardevole età: 3.500 anni ed è adesso stata inclusa in una ristretta e preziosa elite: è una delle cinque daghe cerimoniali dell'epoca del Bronzo Medio rinvenute in Europa.
Fu rinvenuta piegata perché - s'ipotizza - non fu mai intesa per l'uso e fu offerta deformata ed inutilizzabile agli dei.

Adesso si trova al Norwich Castle museum ed il proprietario ne ha ricavato la bella cifra di 41.000 sterline: potrà comperarsi un elegante ferma-porte tradizionale...

Large ceremonial Bronze Age dagger unveiled 



A spectacular new Norfolk treasure has been unveiled - after years of being used as a doorstop. 
The 3,500-year-old Rudham Dirk, a ceremonial Middle Bronze Age dagger, was first ploughed up near East Rudham more than a decade ago. But the landowner didn’t realise 
what it was and was using it to prop open his office door.

Dr Tim Pestell with the Bronze Age Rudham Dirk (large dagger) which was ceremonially bent when  it was made. It's the only other British example (which was also found in Norfolk)  is in the British Museum

 [Credit: Steve Adams] 

And the bronze treasure even came close to being thrown in a skip, but luckily archaeologists identified it in time.

Now the dirk has been bought for Norfolk for close to £41,000 and is now on display in Norwich Castle Museum. 
Dr John Davies, Chief Curator of Norfolk Museums Service, said: “This is one of the real landmark discoveries.” The dirk - a kind of dagger - was never meant to be used as a weapon and was deliberately bent when it was made as an offering to the gods. 

Only five others like it have ever been found in Europe - including one at Oxborough in 1988, which is now in the British Museum. But thanks to a £38,970 grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, following a £2,000 donation from the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, the Bronze Age treasure will now stay in the county. 

The Oxborough Dirk 1,500 BC-1,300 BC Middle Bronze Age; copper alloy.

  Length: 79 cm 

[Credit: British Museum] 

Dr Tim Pestell, who is Curator of Archaeology with the NMS, has been negotiating with the (unnamed) landowner for almost a year. 
He said: “As soon as my colleagues told me about it we started to plan how we could acquire it, so it could stay in Norfolk and be on display here.” Dr Andrew Rogers, whose team first identified the dirk, said he never expected the Oxborough discovery would be repeated. 
“It’s absolutely incredible. Gosh - to have a find like this twice in a lifetime - this is unbelievable,” he said. 
The 1.9kg (4lb) dirk is made from bronze, which is nine-tenths copper and one-tenth tin. 
The nearest source for the copper is Wales, while the tin may have come from Cornwall. Straightened out, it would be 68cm long, slightly shorter than the Oxborough example. It may even have been made in the same workshop, maybe even by the same craftsperson. Sophie Cabot, president of the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, added: “We’re really excited - it would have been a great shame if we’d have lost it.” 

Author: Trevor Heaton | Source: EDP24 

[November 23, 2014]

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LA PIETRA PITTICA DI DANDELEITH

In Scozia c'erano i Pitti, o Caledoni. 
La lingua Pittica (Pictish) è persa e sconosciuta. Un eccezionale ritrovamento ha permesso di aggiungere un raro reperto ai pochissimi esistenti fino ad oggi.
Si tratta di un pezzo di granito di circa 1,70 mt e pesante circa una tonnellata.


Archaeologist try to unlock secrets of  Pictish stone 



Archaeologists have released details on what they have described as the most important Pictish stone find to have been made in Moray in decades. 

The Dandaleith Stone [Credit: Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service] 

Weighing more than a ton and stretching to 1.7m, the Dandaleith Stone dates from the 6th to 8th Centuries and was uncovered during the ploughing of a field near Craigellachie in May 2013.
 Because of sensitivities around the location as well as the issue of having to work out how to remove a stone of its size - and where to move it to - archaeologists have revealed little about the find until now. The stone was removed from the field in April this year and taken to the Graciela Ainsworth Sculpture Conservation workshop in Leith for assessment. 

Once this work is completed, the stone will be put on display at Elgin Museum, possibly next year. The precise location where the stone was found remains secret to allow archaeologists to investigate the site for further artefacts. 
Archaeologists are not sure at this stage if the stone was found at the its original location. The site is on the River Spey floodplain, so it is possible that it may have been washed down from another place. 
Archaeologists said that a flood in 1829 called the Muckle Spate would have been powerful enough to shift the pink granite boulder. However, the stone and its carvings are in good condition suggesting it was erected where it was found and not tumbled around in a serious flood. 
Claire Herbert, regional archaeologist at Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service, said: "Members of the public regularly contact the Archaeology Service about artefacts they have found, but the reporting of the Dandaleith Stone was something truly unexpected, a real rarity. "I would like to thank the ploughman and landowner for reporting their find to us, and for their continued help and co-operation.
 "To our knowledge, this is a truly unique find which has the potential to alter our understanding of Pictish Symbol Stones. We are privileged to be involved in the continued 
protection of such a wonderful object." 

It has incised decoration on two adjoining faces. The other two faces show no obvious signs of carving. Face one is carved with a large eagle, a crescent and what archaeologists call a V-rod. On face two are mirror case, notch rectangle and Z-rod symbols. 
These are typical Pictish symbols, archaeologists said.

Symbol stones have been found previously at Arndilly and Inveravon.

Disegno della pietra diArndilly

Pietra di Inveravon (sopra) e dettaglio del mirror case (sotto)

However, Dandaleith Stone's symbols on two adjoining faces, aligned on the same orientation, is unusual and may be unique. 
Janet Trythall, vice-president of The Moray Society, said: "We are thrilled at Elgin Museum to have been allocated this fantastic Pictish stone. "It will be a marvellous complement to our existing collection of carved stones and an attraction for a wide range of visitors. "All that remains is to raise the necessary funding for restoration and display, and to overcome the logistical challenges of a piece of granite of this magnitude." 

Source: BBC News Website [August 08, 2014]

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Auroch Europeo

DNA find reveals new insights into the history of cattle in Europe 

 A research team from the University of Basel made a surprising find in a Neolithic settlement at the boarders of Lake Biel in Switzerland: The DNA of a cattle bone shows genetic traces of the European aurochs and thus adds a further facet to the history of cattle domestication. 
The journal Scientific Reports has published the results. 

Metacarpus of a small and compact adult bovid found in Twann after sampling for genetic analysis [Credit: University of Basel, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science] 

The modern cattle is the domesticated descendant of the aurochs, a wild species that became extinct in the 17th century. 
The aurochs' domestication already began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Near East. It is their DNA that reveals their ancestry: Aurochs of the Near East carry a maternally inherited genetic signature (mtDNA) called T haplogroup. 

Modern cattle still carry this signature and thus show that they derive from these early domesticated cattle of the Near East. 
This suggests that with the spreading of early farmers from the Near East to Europa, the domesticated cattle was imported to Europe alongside. 
Unlike the aurochs of the Near East, the local wild aurochs of Europe belonged to the P haplogroup. 
So far, scientists believed that the female European aurochs did not genetically influence the Near Eastern cattle imported during the Neolithic Age (5,500 – 2,200 BC). 
Small sturdy cows as draft animals Scientists from the University of Basel by accident found a very small metacarpal bone from a Neolithic cattle among other animal bones found in the lake settlement Twann in Switzerland and analyzed its mtDNA. 

The analysis showed that the bovine bone carried the European aurochs' genetic signature of the P haplogroup. 
The bone thus represents the first indisputable evidence that female European aurochs also crossbred with domestic cattle from the Near East. 
The bone, dated to around 3,100 BC, is evidence for the earlier crossbreeding between a wild female European aurochs with a domestic bull. 
“If these were coincidental single events or rather cases of intentional crossbreeding cannot be clearly answered on the basis of our results”, explains Prof. Jörg Schibler, head of the research groups for Integrative Prehistoric and Archaeological Science (IPAS) from the Department Environmental Science at the University of Basel. 

The animal, to which the bone belonged, was exceptionally small with a withers height of only 112 centimeters. 
“This raises a number of questions for us: How difficult was copulation or birth in this case? And how many generations did it take to develop such small animals?”, explains the archaeogenetics specialist Angela Schlumbaum in regards to the significance of the discovery.

 The scientists assume that the early farmers of the Horgen culture (3,400 – 2,750 BC), to which the bone dates, could have been trying to create a new smaller and sturdier type of cattle especially suitable as draft animal by intentional crossbreeding with wild aurochs. 

This assumption would be in accordance with archaeological finds of wooden wheels, wagons and a yoke from the Horgen culture. 

Source: University of Basel  [July 29, 2014]

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