La più antica pietra lavorata

Oldest stone tool ever found 

discovered 

in Turkey  

Scientists have discovered the oldest recorded stone tool ever to be found in Turkey, revealing that humans passed through the gateway from Asia to Europe much earlier than previously thought, approximately 1.2 million years ago. Stone tool approximately 1.2 million years old [Credit: University of Royal  Holloway London] 

According to research published in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews, the chance find of a humanly-worked quartzite flake, in ancient deposits of the river Gediz, in western Turkey, provides a major new insight into when and how early humans dispersed out of Africa and Asia. 

Researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London, together with an international team from the UK, Turkey and the Netherlands, used high-precision equipment to date the deposits of the ancient river meander, giving the first accurate timeframe for when humans occupied the area. 

Professor Danielle Schreve, from the Department of Geography at Royal Holloway, said: "This discovery is critical for establishing the timing and route of early human dispersal into Europe. 

Our research suggests that the flake is the earliest securely-dated artefact from Turkey ever recorded and was dropped on the floodplain by an early hominin well over a million years ago." 

The researchers used high-precision radioisotopic dating and palaeomagnetic measurements from lava flows, which both pre-date and post-date the meander, to establish that early humans were present in the area between approximately 1.24 million and 1.17 million years ago. 

Previously, the oldest hominin fossils in western Turkey were recovered in 2007 at Koçabas, but the dating of these and other stone tool finds were uncertain. 
"The flake was an incredibly exciting find," Professor Schreve said. "I had been studying the sediments in the meander bend and my eye was drawn to a pinkish stone on the surface. 
When I turned it over for a better look, the features of a humanly-struck artefact were immediately apparent. 
"By working together with geologists and dating specialists, we have been able to put a secure chronology to this find and shed new light on the behaviour of our most distant ancestors." 

Source: University of Royal Holloway London [December 23, 2014]

Strutture sommerse, Turchia

Una catastrofe in termini ambientali, ma una manna per gli archeologi. 

S'intende il lungo e mai visto fino ad ora periodo di siccità che ha ridotto tutte le riserve idriche naturali della Turchia, con gravi danni ambientali, esponendo anche alcune strutture sommerse di enorme valore storico ed archeologico, riferibili al regno di Urartu, che adesso sono non solo visibili, ma già quasi accessibili a piedi.

Speriamo che a nessuno - ma proprio nessuno - venga in mente di reperire ciottoli con 

scritte etrusche: si è già visto che non si tratta di una buona idea...

Drought in Lake Van 

exposes long-submerged structures





Lakes and tributaries across Anatolia have been hit by climate change and a lack of rain over the last year, but what is a natural disaster for the environment has provided historians with an opportunity to check their facts in eastern Turkey. 
The worst drought experienced by Lake Van in 15 years has exposed ancient cities and a number of historic artefacts that had until now long been submerged under water. 

Parts of the old city of Erciş, which lies along the northern stretch of Turkey’s largest lake, as well as an Ottoman fortress are not only visible, but also accessible by foot on the desiccated lake bed. 
A geographer from a local university says more ancient artefacts will be revealed if the water level continues to fall, including settlements and fortresses from the Urartian era. 

“Settlements that were thought to be indestructible were submerged underwater. If the water level drops further, we will see more of the remains of an ancient city,” said Ali Fuat Doğu from Van’s Yüzüncü Yıl University.

 The Urartian Kingdom dates back to around 1,000 B.C. and was one of the most important ancient civilizations to settle in Anatolia. 
The kingdom spread between the triangle formed by Lake Van, Lake Sevan in today’s Armenia, and Lake Urumiyah in western Iran. 
However, although a boon to historians, the sharp drought currently experienced in Anatolia is raising concerns among environmentalists, particularly as several important lakes are facing extinction.
 Lake Meke in the Central Anatolian province of Konya saw its volume fall by 99 percent over the summer according to scientists. 
Not far away, Lake Tuz, which has shrunk to 50 percent of its original size over the last 40 years, continues to vanish. 
Lake Sapanca in the province of Sakarya, east of Istanbul, has also witnessed an alarming drop in its water levels, while local activists have mobilized to save Lake Burdur, which has lost a third of its waters over the last 35 years. 

Source: Hurriyet Daily News [December 12, 2014]

Cavallo di Troia!

Lo confesso: sono cinico e non mi fido.
Ormai scottato da troppi pesci d'aprile fuori stagione, da troppe cialtronate truffaldine, da troppe trappole gaglioffe per turisti: questa notizia sembra proprio appartenere a questa categoria...
Sarebbe stata trovata nientepopò di meno che (resti del)la statua del cavallo di Troia!
Resti lignei di fasciame di nave ed una placca bronzea danneggiata con la scritta:"Per il loro ritorno a casa i Greci dedicano quest'offerta ad Athena" il tutto dentro al perimetro dell'antica e studiatissima città.
Se si tratta di un falso - pertanto - è certamente un 'falso erudito', in quanto a questa frase esistono alcuni richiami letterari antichi.
Il radiocarbonio si esprime a favore: la data sarebbe il XII-XIII secolo a.C.
I nomi degli autori sono di tutto rispetto e la loro appartenenza è la Boston University.
Chissà?
Però l'editore ci tiene ad aggiungere una postilla: "questa storia è totalmente non confermata": anche a lui sembra che qualcuno l'abbia sparata grossa...

Pieces of Trojan Horse said to have been discovered 


Turkish archaeologists claim a historical discovery as they believe they have found pieces of the Trojan Horse. 

Turkish archaeologists excavating on the site of the historical city of Troy on the  hills of Hisarlik, have unearthed a large wooden structure which they claim  are of the legendary Trojan Horse [Credit: Greek Reporter] 

According to a report by newsit.gr, Turkish archaeologists excavating on the site of the historical city of Troy on the hills of Hisarlik, have unearthed a large wooden structure. Historians and archaeologists presume that the pieces are remains of the legendary Trojan Horse. 
Excavations brought to light dozens of fir planks and beams up to 15 meters long, assembled in a strange form. 
The wooden assembly was inside the walls of the ancient city of Troy. 
Fir planks were used for building seafaring ships, archaeologists say. 
The Trojan Horse is considered to be a mythical structure. 
Described as a horse in Homer’s Odyssey, historians suggest that the writer was making an analogy for a war machine, or a natural disaster. 
The structure found fits the description by Homer, Virgil, Augustus and Quintus Smyrnaeus. So, archaeologists tend to believe that the finding is indeed the remains of the subterfuge Greeks used to conquer ancient Troy. 
Another discovery that supports the archaeologists’ claims is a damaged bronze plate with the inscription “For their return home, the Greeks dedicate this offering to Athena.” 
Quintus Smyrnaeus refers to the particular plate in his epic poem “Posthomerica” and the plate was also found on the site. 
The two archaeologists leading the excavation, Boston University professors Christine Morris and Chris Wilson, say that they have a “high level of confidence” that the structure is indeed linked to the legendary horse. 
They say that all the tests performed up to now have only confirmed their theory. 
“The carbon dating tests and other analysis have all suggested that the wooden pieces and other artifacts date from the 12th or 11th centuries B.C.,” says Professor Morris. 
“This matches the dates cited for the Trojan War, by many ancient historians like Eratosthenes or Proclus. 
The assembly of the work also matches the description made by many sources. 
I don’t want to sound overconfident, but I’m pretty certain that we found the real thing!”

 Editor's Note: This story is totally unconfirmed! 

Author: Philip Chrysopoulos | 

Source: The Greek Reporter [November 06, 2014]

Rinvenuto un 'nuovo' poema classico.

Classical era poem unearthed in western Turkey 



Excavations around the Hecatomnus Mausoleum in the

western province of Mugla’s Milas district have unearthed a

written stela that dates back over two millennia.

The stela is an extraordinary finding that offers a treasure

trove of data  to historians and philologists 

[Credit: Hurriyet]

The stela is an extraordinary finding that offers very 

important data to historians and philologists, according 

to academics. 

The stela, which is estimated to have been written for the 

ruler of its era, is in the poetry format and the longest 

among other similar classical-era findings. 

According to information provided by the Milas Uzunyuva 

Project Epigraph Professor Christian Marek, the writing on     

the stela has a poetical language in a style called “catalectic 

trochaic tetrameter.” 

There are 121 lines in the stela, although its upper surface has 

been eroded. 


It is estimated that the stela was erected at the end of fourth 

century B.C. or at the beginning of the third century B.C. 



Source: Hurriyet Daily News [October 19, 2014]

VITA SOCIALE A URARTU

Excavations shed light on Urartian’s social life 

  The excavations that have been continuing for five years in the tumulus located in the northern side of the Van Castle have unearthed objects that shed light on social and cultural life of the Urartians. 
Among the most interesting findings is trade tablet detailing commercial information. 

This year’s works in the north part of the Van Castle have revealed important data  on social and cultural life of Urartian people [Credit: AA] 

Istanbul University Van Region History and Archaeology Center Deputy Director Assistant Professor Erkan Konyar is the head of the centuries-old excavation field, where 35 academics are working. 
The patterns of chariots that were produced 3,000 years ago in the Urartian Kingdom, rare pots and pans from the 15th and 16th centuries, a 5,000-year-old portable oven and 2,700-year-old jewelry have been so far unearthed in the tumulus. 
Bronze fibulas, a trade mandate and civic settlements of the Urartian public are among this season’s discoveries, according to Konyar. 
He said that during this season’s works, Urartian houses were found in civic settlements and their architecture structure showed that the houses belonged to the people who were working to meet the needs of the royal people living in the citadels. 

Among this year's most important findings is a tablet detailing commercial information  about products that were dispatched from the area [Credit: AA] 

“Most of the findings have civic characters.
 Among the most important findings of this year is a tablet of mandate, which has commercial content. 
It is about products that were dispatched from here.
 It is very important to understand commercial relations. 
Maybe this place was the house of a clerk, and kiln tablets had been written here. It is now being scientifically examined,” he said. 

Konyar said most of the excavations on the Urartian era were carried out in castles and revealed the life style of the king. 
“Not much is known about the civic life in the Urartian era. This is why the excavations in the tumulus are very important.” 
He added that inside the Urartian people’s houses they had found ovens and foodstuffs. “We see that the traditional house culture in Van also existed in the Urartian era. We see the reflections of the Urartians today. 
Ovens and cellars, which are seen in Van houses today, are also seen in the Urartian houses. Houses do not have a certain order. 
They were arranged to meet the needs of the people living there. 
Their architecture is different. 
This is why further excavations are very important. It was also a surprise for us that the houses were preserved well. 
Walls still survive. The tumulus will provide us very important data to determine the history of the city,” Konyar said. 


Source: Hurriyet Daily News [October 07, 2014]

Read more at: http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.it/2014/10/excavations-shed-light-on-urartians.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.VDfE1yh7DfV
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LE MURA DI HATTUSA

Le mura di Hattusa vengono alla luce.

Si tratta di una città vecchia di 3.700 anni. città capitale degli antichi Ittiti (ittiti è un nome coniato in epoca moderna: non ne conosciamo il nome vero; ndt) nella provincia turca settentrionale di Corum.

The Hittites had built the 4.5-kilometer city walls to protect their  capital Hattuşa 

[Credit: AA] 

Gli Ittiti avevano costruito circa 4,5 chilometri di mura per proteggere la propria capitale. 

Le mura erano state dissepolte la prima volta nel corso degli scavi del 1906/07. Sono stati esposti circa 700 metri di mura, dei totali 4.5 chilometri. Negli ultimi tre anni ci si è concentrati sul restauro di circa 400 metri dell'opera. 

Quest'ultima fu il primo grande progetto messo in atto dagli Ittiti.

L'archeologo tedesco Andreas Schachner che conduce gli scavi per l'Istituto Archeologico Tedesco riferisce che le mura circondano l'intera città e che sono stati scoperti già 10 tunnel sotterranei, fatti con ogni probabilità per permettere l'uscita dalla città delle truppe in caso d'assedio e dare battaglia al nemico.

Esiste  una torre ogni 20-25 metri del perimetro.

Gli Ittiti costruirono la loro grande opera delle mura sopra una collina artificiale, per dimostrare così  la grandezza e la magnificenza della città.

Originariamente, le mura avevano un'altezza di 10 metri, ma in seguito crollarono, fino a presentare l'altezza di circa 6 metri.

(Il fatto che la collina fosse artificiale, quindi ottenuta con terra di riporto, rende perfettamente conto del successivo crollo, dovuto alle tempeste sismiche cui è soggetta l'intera Faglia Settentrionale Turca, sulla quale si trovano numerose città antiche, tra cui anche Troia; ndt).

Hattusa’s city walls come to light

 Archaeologists have unearthed part of the 3,700-year-old city wall of Hattuşa, capital city of the ancient Hittites, in the northern Turkish province of Çorum. 

The Hittites had built the 4.5-kilometer city walls to protect their capital Hattuşa. “The city walls were first unearthed during the first year of excavations between 1906 and 1907. 

Some 700 meters of the 4.5-kilometer-long city walls have been unearthed. 
We worked for the restoration of 400-meter parts of the walls over the last three years.

 These walls were the first big project of the Hittites. 

The wall surrounds the whole city,” said Dr. Andreas Schachner, who is caryring out the excavations for the German Archaeological Institute, noting that their most recent archaeological work had focused on restoring the walls. 
Schachner said they had also discovered 10 underground tunnels in some parts of the wall. “These tunnels were made for soldiers to leave the city in secret during an attack or occupation and fight. 
There is a tower in every 20-25 meters of the walls. 
The Hittites built the walls on an artificial hill to show the city’s power and magnificence,” he said. 
He said the city walls were 10 meters high when they were built but later fell to five-six meters. 

Source: Hurriyet Daily News [October 06, 2014]
Read more at: http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.it/2014/10/hattusas-city-walls-come-to-light.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.VDUq5rDkdcQ
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Epigrafia: Ittiti.

Hittite cuneiform tablet to be scanned in 3D 

A tablet found during excavations in Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite civilization in the central Anatolian province of Çorum, will be deciphered with a 3D scanning system. An example of a Hittite cuneiform tablet [Credit: DHA] 

Assistant Professor Andreas Schachner, the head of the excavations, said the team had started working to decipher the 3,500-year-old tablet. 
He said that what was written on the tablet had been an object of interest to the science world, and added the writing was nearly wiped off after being exposed to bad weather conditions for millennia. 
“The Hittites used two different writing systems,” Schachner explained. 

“The first is the cuneiform script on baked tablets and the other is hieroglyphs, which is mostly seen on rock faces.” 

Schachner said the team is collaborating with Hittitologist Professor Marazzi from the University of Naples to scan the tablet and transfer it to digital 3D environment. 

The professor said the result of the work would be announced at a symposium next year. 
”Some certain points on the rock are determined. They will be scanned and the photos will be merged,” he explained of the process. ”After this 10-day work, the laboratory work will start. We will get the results a few months later.” 

Source: Hurriyet Daily News [September 29, 2014]

Read more at: http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.it/2014/09/hittite-cuneiform-tablet-to-be-scanned.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.VDLfByh7DfV
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Tokens

Una parola sui Tokens.

Il vocabolo 'Token' possiede molti significati e può confondere (*): anni fa un gruppo statunitense con quel nome (i Tokens, appunto) cantava tra molte una bellissima canzone: "The lion sleeps tonight", che è internazionalmente nota.
Il vocabolo ha anche molte altre accezioni, con significati differenti a seconda dell'uso pratico o teorico che se ne fa: persino nell'informatica.

Ma i tokens sono anche (in questo caso) piccoli oggetti in argilla, di varia forma, che hanno probabilmente avuto grandissima importanza pratica nel mondo preistorico e che rappresentavano entità e forse numeri relativi ai beni materiali di società pre alfabetiche.

Oggi usiamo ancora le penne. Eppure, da moltissimi anni, c'è il computer. Abbiamo fatto così anche con i 'tokens': abbiamo continuato ad usarli per migliaia d'anni dopo che già s'era diffusa la prima scrittura (il cuneiforme). Abbiamo fatto la medesima cosa con l'Abaco: evidentemente si tratta di una nostra caratteristica mentale.
Una scoperta curiosa ed interessante: una conferma dei nostri modi d'essere, molto umana...

(*) Simbolo, gettone, pedina, tessera, simbolico, nominale, segno, segnale, pegno, dono, segnale di apprezzamento, esempio, surrogato del denaro, pro-forma, etc.etc.

Neo-Assyrian clay tokens unearthed in SE Turkey


Prehistoric ‘bookkeeping’ continued long after invention of writing. 
An archaeological dig in southeast Turkey has uncovered a large number of clay tokens that were used as records of trade until the advent of writing, or so it had been believed. 

Examples of tokens discovered at Ziyaret Tepe are displayed  [Credit: Ziyaret Tepe Archaeological Project] 

But the new find of tokens dates from a time when writing was commonplace -- thousands of years after it was previously assumed this technology had become obsolete. 

Researchers compare it to the continued use of pens in the age of the word processor. 

The tokens -- small clay pieces in a range of simple shapes -- are thought to have been used as a rudimentary bookkeeping system in prehistoric times. One theory is that different types of tokens represented units of various commodities such as livestock and grain. 
These would be exchanged and later sealed in more clay as a permanent record of the trade -- essentially, the world's first contract. The system was used in the period leading up to around 3000 BC, at which point clay tablets filled with pictorial symbols drawn using triangular-tipped reeds begin to emerge: the birth of writing, and consequently history.

 From this point on in the archaeological record, the tokens dwindle and then disappear, leading to the assumption that writing quickly supplanted the token system. However, recent excavations at Ziyaret Tepe -- the site of the ancient city Tušhan, a provincial capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire -- have unearthed a large quantity of tokens DATING to the first millennium BC: two thousand years after 'cuneiform' -- the earliest form of writing -- emerged on clay tablets. 
"Complex writing didn't stop the use of the abacus, just as the digital age hasn't wiped out pencils and pens," said Dr John MacGinnis from Cambridge's MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, who led the research. "In fact, in a literate society there are multiple channels of recording information that can be complementary to each other. In this case both prehistoric clay tokens and cuneiform writing used together." The tokens were discovered in the main administrative building in Tušhan's lower town, along with many cuneiform clay tablets as well as weights and clay sealings. 
Over 300 tokens were found in two rooms near the back of the building that MacGinnis describes as having the character of a 'delivery area', perhaps an ancient loading bay. "We think one of two things happened here. You either have information about livestock coming through here, or flocks of animals themselves. Each farmer or herder would have a bag with tokens to represent their flock," said MacGinnis. "The information is travelling through these rooms in token form, and ending up inscribed onto cuneiform tablets further down the line." 
Archaeologists say that, while cuneiform writing was a more advanced accounting technology, by combining it with the flexibility of the tokens the ancient Assyrians created a record-keeping system of greater sophistication. "The tokens provided a system of moveable numbers that allowed for stock to be moved and accounts to be modified and updated without committing to writing; a system that doesn't require everyone involved to be literate."

MacGinnis believes that the new evidence points to prehistoric tokens used in conjunction with cuneiform as an empire-wide 'admin' system stretching right across what is now Turkey, Syria and Iraq. 
In its day, roughly 900 to 600 BC, the Assyrian empire was the largest the world had ever seen. Types of tokens ranged from basic spheres, discs and triangles to tokens that resemble oxhide and bull heads. While the majority of the cuneiform tablets found with the tokens deal with grain trades, it's not yet known what the various tokens represent. The team say that some tokens likely stand for grain, as well as different types of livestock (such as goats and cattle), but -- as they were in use at the height of the empire -- tokens could have been used to represent commodities such as oil, wool and wine. 
"One of my dreams is that one day we'll dig up the TABLET of an accountant who was making a meticulous inventory of goods and systems, and we will be able to crack the token system's codes," said MacGinnis. 
"The inventions of recording systems are milestones in the human journey, and any finds which contribute to the understanding of how they came about makes a basic contribution to mapping the progress of mankind," he said. 

Source: University of Cambridge [July 14, 2014]

Read more at: http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.it/2014/07/neo-assyrian-clay-tokens-unearthed-in.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.U8d_ISh7DfV
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L'Ira degli Dei

L #armatabrancaleoneshardariana è sempre impegnata a dimostrare qualche cosa d'indigesto su Atlantide, maremoti e popoli del mare: non stanno mai fermi (ed evidentemente, non hanno proprio alcunché di meglio da fare).

Questo articolo permette di fare alcune considerazioni scientificamente fondate su quali siano le tracce reali ed evidenti che un maremoto (gli anglosassoni usano il termine giapponese 'tsunami', perché non ne possiedono uno bello quanto quello italiano) riesce sempre a lasciare dopo il proprio passaggio, per quanto lontano nel tempo.

Carta della zona di Imbros: si vede bene che l'isola si trovi lungo la linea di faglia Anatolica Settentrionale (una delle molte linee sismologicamente attive, le cui azioni distruttive furono attribite ai Popoli del Mare...).
[Credito: Wiki]

L'isola di Imbros - prima greca ed oggi turca - fu scossa da un terremoto, 4700 anni fa.
I lavori archeologici risalgono al triennio 2006/2008.
Le stratigrafie e le ceramiche fanno risalire l'evento al 2680 a.C.
Il terremoto è stimato essere stato di forza 6.5 Richter: ha creato un'onda di maremoto che ha invaso la terra per una distanza di circa 1.5 km.
La zona è stata abbandonata dai locali per un certo tempo e poi ripopolata.
L'episodio non fu registrato per iscritto ed è certamente precedente al periodo 'dei Popoli 
del Mare': ma è perfettamente coerente con quanto accadde anche in seguito.

A dimostrazione del fatto che responsabile fu sempre la medesima "Ira degli Dei", senza alcun aiuto umano...

Traces of ancient tsunami discovered in Imbros 

  Archaeological work on the former Greek island of Imbros (now Turkish Gökçeada) has revealed that an earthquake occurred in the region 4,700 years ago, followed by a tsunami. 

The tsunami evidently swept some 1400 metres over the island of Imbros.  Ceramic finds date the tsunami to 2680 BC. [Credit: Hurriyet] 

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Geology Department Professor Doğan Perinçek said they had found the traces of the earthquake and tsunami during works between 2006 and 2008. 
Gökçek made a statement June 2 after an earthquake measuring 6.5 that occurred on May 24 in the region. He said both he and Professor Halime Hüryılmaz had found traces of an earthquake that occurred in 2680 B.C. following work in the area of Yenibademli (Greek Glyki). 
“The earthquake broke the walls of the settlements. There is also data that it created a tsunami. We have found the sediments of a tsunami in the region as well as a layer of earth of sand including fossils of sea creatures. 
Ceramics that were found right below the tsunami sediments date back to 2680 B.C. 
This is why the earthquake and tsunami occurred before this date, which means it was 4,700 years ago,” he said. 

Broken walls at Yenibademli (Greek Glyki)

 [Credit: Hurriyet] 

“Tsunami waves hit the lower coasts.
 Yenibademli partly or totally remained under water because of the tsunami. 
The district was abandoned by locals but they returned sometime later,” he added. Perinçek said Gökçeada was located right next to the Northern Anatolia fault line.

 Information about some earthquakes can be seen in some historical documents, but the temblor to hit the island almost 5,000 years ago was not recorded, he said. “The only record is the geological traces that we can observe here. 
Since Gökçeada is   located next to the fault line, it is natural that earthquakes occur in the region,” he said. 



Source: Hurriyet Daily News [June 02, 2014]

Read more at: http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.it/2014/06/traces-of-ancient-tsunami-discovered-in.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.U49QzCh7DfU
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