Una punta di freccia nella vertebra

Iron Age warrior lived with arrowhead in spine 

ArchaeoHeritage, Archaeology, Asia, Breakingnews, Central Asia, Forensics, Kazakhstan 


 A horrific spinal injury caused by a bronze arrowhead didn't immediately kill an Iron Age warrior, who survived long enough for his bone to heal around the metal point, a new study of his burial in central Kazakhstan finds. 

The two-inch long arrowhead was lodged in one of the vertebrae of the early Iron Age  warrior, as shown in the x-ray images above [Credit: S. Tur et al.,  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology] 

"This found individual was extremely lucky to survive," said study researcher Svetlana Svyatko, a research fellow in the school of geography, archaeology and paleoecology at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland. 

"It's hard to get a vertebral wound without damaging the main blood vessels, which would have resulted in an immediate death." 

The male warrior was likely between 25 and 45 years old, and stood 5 foot 7 inches (174 centimeters) in height, which was tall considering that his people stood an average of 5 foot 4 inches (165 cm) in height, the researchers said. 

They found his grave, an elaborate burial mound called a "kurgan," after getting a tip from local people who live in the area. The researchers have studied the area in central Kazakhstan for more than 20 years. 
Their work has shed light on the area's culture and the emergence of the powerful Scythians (also known as the Saka), a population of fierce nomads who lived on the central Eurasian steppes from about the eighth century B.C. to about the second century A.D., said study researcher Arman Beisenov, the head of prehistoric archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology in Kazakhstan. 

The CT images above show the cavity left in the bone by the arrow  and the healing and hardening of the bone tissue around it, as  shown by the white arrows on the left [Credit: S. Tur et al.,  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology] 

During an excavation of a famous Saka cemetery in 2009 (a dig that yielded 200 jewellery pieces and more than 30,000 smaller ornaments, such as beads), locals told the researchers about a nearby kurgan that had been shamefully neglected and heavily devastated, Beisenov said. "What local people often want is attention and respect to their history and customs, which is the foundation of their present life and the key to the future," he told Live Science.
 "Although the schedule of our excavations was extremely tight and prohibitive for any extension, we anyway decided to follow the tip and take a look at the remains of the kurgan." 
The kurgan was so magnificent that the researchers opened a new investigation, excavating the kurgan in 2010 and 2011. It was likely no more than 6.5 feet (2 meters) high and about 74 feet (22.5 m) in diameter when built, Beisenov said. 
However, evidence suggests that robbers plundered the site in ancient times, and that local people reused much of its soil and stones for housing in the 1960s and 1970s, he said. 

The researchers used CT scans to reconstruct how the arrowhead looks and  found it appears to have been made with a pure form of copper and tin. They say  it appears to have been a military grade arrow rather than one used for hunting   [Credit: S. Tur et al., International Journal of Osteoarchaeology] 

The grandiose grave suggests the individual belonged to the early Saka nomadic aristocracy, the researchers said. But the plundered kurgan held only a few scattered bones, including ribs, fibulae (lower-leg bones) and a vertebra. 
Radiocarbon dating suggests the individual lived sometime between the eighth and sixth centuries B.C., during the early Iron Age, according to the study. 
A close look at the man's bones revealed a bronze arrowhead — made of copper, tin, and traces of lead and iron — lodged in one of his vertebras. 

The researchers also found a rib with a healed fracture, but it's unclear whether the man received these injuries at the same time as the arrow wound, the researchers said. 
It's also unclear how long he survived following his injuries, they said. 
Computed tomography (CT) scans showed that the arrowhead, measuring 2.2 inches (5.6 cm) long, caused more than just a flesh wound. 
In fact, it "teaches us is the power of the human body to heal," said Aleksey Shitvov, a research team assistant at Queen's University Belfast who works with the group, but wasn't among the study's authors. 
The scientists also looked at the chemical composition of the man's bones, and found he likely ate more millet (a type of grain) than did many of his Saka peers, Svyatko said. "We can only speculate now what was the status of millet as a food for this society," Svyatko told Live Science. "Perhaps it was specifically accessible to high-ranked people or military elite, though this needs further investigation." 
The study was published online June 22 in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 

Author: Laura Geggel | Source: LiveScience [June 29, 2015]

Esame Osteologico

Naturalmente, oltre all'esame morfologico, ora ci sono anche quello degli isotopi stabili e quello del DNA, ma l'articolo resta sempre interessante...

THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVANCED OSTEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 

BY COLLEEN CUMMINGS

By Fernando Contreras
On 4 July 2014
In Archaeo News, Articles, Journal

Students from the field school assessing dental pathologies

Archaeology is an old discipline, but osteoarchaeology – the in depth study of archaeological human bone – is relatively new. For most of the history of archaeological research, when human bones were found in excavation they were either tossed out, reburied, or languished dirty and unanalyzed in museum cellars; only the artifacts that accompanied a burial were kept. Even when it became standard practice to study archaeological animal bones beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, interest in human bones continued to be sporadic. Of course, there were some researchers who were interested in human skeletal remains, but analyses tended to be case studies of specific individuals at a site, rather than investigations of all interred individuals. Most archaeologists simply didn’t think that human bones could provide any interesting information about ancient life. Thankfully, in the 1980s and 1990s, this view began to change. Now, it has become standard practice at most sites for all human remains to be analyzed, not just individuals who are deemed to be particularly interesting. This has greatly expanded awareness about the wealth of information that we can learn from doing advanced osteological analysis on human skeletal remains.

Joint disease in the hip from Sanisera Necropolis 6

It is typical for skeletons at a site to be assessed in terms of their basic demographic information (primarily sex of the individual and age at death).This is an important starting point, but much more information can be gained from a skeleton if the person doing the analysis is trained in recognizing the ways that a person’s skeleton can provide a record of their life. Although we tend to think of our skeletons as static and unchanging throughout our life, skeletal tissue is actually quite responsive to its environment – it will adapt and transform in reaction to the activities we perform in life, illnesses or injuries we survive, and even the foods we eat. For example, repeated strain on a joint can lead to degenerative changes within the joint, such as we found this week while examining a skeleton fromtomb 40 in Necropolis 6 -Sanisera Site, Menorca, Spain-.

Students from the field school recording cranial measurements

This particular case is interesting on its own, since the individual was in his early 20s when he died, fairly young to already have joint disease in the hip, but what will be really intriguing is to see if similar patterns of joint disease are found in other individuals. This is where the true strength of osteoarchaeology lies – in finding the patterns within populations, and in comparing those patterns between populations. For example, if other young males at the site show signs of joint disease, but not young females, this would suggest a difference in division of labor between men and women. Similarly, other small, seemingly idiosyncratic bone modifications can help us understand different aspects of life. A group of individuals who all have an extra cusp on a tooth might be family members, an abundance of fractures in specific bones will reveal interpersonal violence, chemical signatures in the bone can tell us about migrations, tooth decay will give us clues about dietary practices, and so on.

Every time an osteologist analyzes a skeleton, it is like interviewing that person from the distant past, allowing them to speak about their life: the work they do, the challenges they face, their relationship to the people around them, and even the difficulties they survived as a child. Of all the subfields of archaeology, osteology is the only one that enables direct access to actual ancient person. If the goal of archaeology is to better understand how people in the past lived, what could be better than looking to the people themselves for that information?